Happiness: John Stuart Mill vs Immanuel Kant :: Utilitarianism Essays

Happiness. People go to any means by which to obtain the many varied materials and issues that induce pleasures in each individual, and intrinsically, this emotion remains the ultimate goal, John Stuart Mill, a nineteenth century philosopher, correctly advocated the pursuit of happiness, and maintained the concept that above all other values, pleasure existed as the final destination, Mill's hedonistic views correctly and rationally identified a natural human tendency, and his Utilitarian arguments strongly support the theory that above all else, happiness is the most important dream to be fulfilled. Upon researching for this paper, I came across a counter argument, which was based on metaphysics. Immanuel Kant, in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, defends his strong beliefs in the issue of a good will, and surfaces as MM's chief opponent on the topic of metaphysics, The issue diminishes to a clash between emotions and pleasures ve rses rationality and logic. Yet, what use is logic when the good agent is miserable? Mill's stance within Utilitarianism exists as the more favorable of the two beliefs, for happiness exist as the one intrinsically favorable element, not an emotionless mind. The main defender of the Utilitarian system exists within the Greatest happiness Principle. Mill lived as a chief advocate of this concept, which supports the idea that a decision is morally correct as long as it increases and encourages pleasures and happiness. Kant, however, in his endless quest to remain separate from emotions and thrive only on logic, would argue that autonomy should be placed above happiness in a list of intrinsic values. A good will, however, does not comfort an individual in any way if happiness does not accompany this asset, Consider this example of a seemingly happily married couple. The wife in this duo is madly in love with her husband fiercely loyal, and completely happy with her marriage and children. The husband, however, as wrongfully strayed, and had a brief, but damaging affair behind his wife's back. Kant would argue that autonomy reigns over pleasure, and the woman should therefore want to be informed of her husband's adultery, Mill would greatly disagree. By revealing the secret of the past affair, the woman's happy world would be instantly shattered. Her pride would diminish, her stability would fall apart, and the children especially would be forced to view a nasty side of their beloved father. In this case, individual control is greatly overshadowed by the need for happiness. The husband is no longer acting unfaithful and the family can easily continue to live in a happy realm, If the secret were to

Evaluate the case for cutting public expenditure rather Essay

A fiscal deficit is when a government’s total expenditures exceed the tax revenues that it generates. A budget deficit can be cut by either reducing public expenditure or raising taxes. In this essay, I am going to analyse the benefits and costs of increasing tax rates to reduce fiscal deficits instead of cutting government expenditure. First of all, if the government decides to cut current public expenditure, it will lead to a reduced quantity and quality of public goods and service. For example, closing NHS direct call centres down which results in lower living standard. Moreover as the spending in sectors such as healthcare and education is cut, these services may need to redundant staff to stay within their new budgets. For instance if the NHS’s budget is cut they will lay-off additional staff. Those public sector workers may find it difficult to find a new job in private sector if they are not competitive enough to compete with other people in the labour market, leading to higher unemployment conflicting with the government macroeconomic objective of low unemployment rate. Also higher unemployment will mean less income tax revenue, lower VAT receipts, higher welfare payments, as well as lower standards of living. If the government is to cut capital expenditure this is the type of expenditure that expands LRAS. It might not cause serious problems in short run, however in long run less spending on for example education and healthcare will result in a less educated and skilled workforce and a less healthy workforce. The negative effects of inadequate skilled human capital in the long run include lower productivity which makes the economy less competitive internationally compared with for example Germany. It in turn leads to deterioration on balance of payment, economic stagnant growth and inflationary pressure as labour costs increase. Thirdly, government spending is an injection into the circular flow of income. A decrease in the government spending will incur negative wealth effect and therefore lead to weaker economic growth. In addition, the  government spending is one of the components of aggregate demand, consequently, lower GDP. In a demand-deficient recession, consumption and investment tend to decrease due to lower income and revenue, the (X-M) component tends to level off or worsen in short run, which makes government spending an essential device to stimulate the economy. Therefore a decrease in the government spending will cause an even deeper recession and a larger budget deficit. Last but not least, a decrease in government spending could mean worse income distribution compared with increasing progressive tax. This is because transfer payment forms almost a third of the governments budgets and so by cutting expenditure it is very likely that it will also be cut making the poor poorer and widening the gap. On the other hand, taxes could be increased progressively by for example increasing marginal income taxes so that the people with high income pay more than the poor narrowing the gap between. However, there are also some drawbacks associated with raising taxes. Tax is a form of leakage from the circular flow of income leading to negative multiplier effect. If the government increases income tax rates, it might create disincentives to work. It is because when income tax increases, the opportunity cost for leisure time decreases; and people will have to work longer hours to earn the same disposable income. Some people may therefore prefer claiming Jobseekers’ Allowance instead of working. If the corporation tax is to be increased, there will be disincentive for firms to locate in the UK, leading to less investment and corporation tax revenues. Additionally, an increase in the National Insurance may discourage firms taking more employers as the NI is paid per employee. Secondly, if the government raises higher income by increasing indirect taxes for example VAT, it may also have problems. It shifts the SRAS curve to the left as the cost of production increases. And it may therefore push up the price level and reduce the level of output. Moreover, indirect taxes are regressive taxes, which impose a greater burden relative to the incomes on the poor than on the rich. Thirdly, as the public sector is basically non-profit, their allocation of resources believed to be less efficient than the profit-making private sector firms. Therefore reducing public expenditure may lead to greater efficiency and productivity by for example removing unnecessary layer of management hence more effective communication and better service provided by the public sector. Last but not least, the choices between the two possible ways and their effects depend on the macroeconomic situation- for example the unemployment rate and the size of the public sector. If the size of the public sector is small, the adjustment on government spending might not be very large and the effect on budget deficit wouldn’t be significant. If the unemployment rate is high, for example 26% general rate and 50% youth rate in Spain, making it very hard to raise taxes. Apparently, both reducing government spending and increasing tax rates will lead to a lower AD, but they will have different other effects. Therefore the choice between this two may depend on macroeconomic situation and what the government is focusing on achieving. VICKKIE

Transformational Leadership The New Leadership Paradigm

â€Å"Transformational Leadership: The New Leadership Paradigm† Boosting morale, increasing motivation, and elevating job performance of followers are all dynamics of a transformational leader. Transformational leadership can be defined as a leader’s approach to nurture and empower followers. This type of a leader exhibits charismatic and visionary tendencies. As its name suggests, a transformational leader transforms and changes people. The emergence of transformational leadership as an approach to leadership in regards to political leaders was presented by James MacGregor Burns, a political sociologist. One of his primary focuses was to link the roles of leadership and followers. Later, Bernard M. Bass, another researcher expanded the work of Bass’ original ideas by explaining certain psychological mechanisms regarding transactional and transformational leadership as well as how transformational leadership can be measured (Northouse, 2013). He also developed the earlier version of the Multi-factor Leadership Questionna ire (MLQ) to measure transformational leadership through questions that measured the followers’ perceptions of a leader’s behavior for each of the full range of leadership factors. A few questions that I would like to address in this essay are what type of contributions do the four transformational leadership factors have on leaders and followers, why have researchers deemed transformational leadership as the new leadership paradigm,Show MoreRelatedThe Influence Of Transformational Leadership On Employee Engagement?1214 Words   |  5 Pagesemployee is not considered as a priority, so it was determined that employee engagement would be one of the ways to develop the banking sector. Transformational leadership style is an important factor to increase engagement amongst employees with specific impact on employee attitudes and behavioral outcomes. Raja (2012) found that transformational leadership has an influence on higher levels of employee engagement in the workplace with its multiple attributes such as, idealized influence, inspirationalRead MoreA Virtual Call Center Via An Employment Agency1655 Words   |  7 Pages This paper will represent the breadth of concepts, and ideas that have been attained during this course, in regards to transformational change within the organization of a virtual call-center via an employment agency. This course has provided valuable information that’s critically important when thinking about change, initiating change, and facilitating change. Along this path, it’s just as important to understand the mind-sets of those that are involved in the change process. While understandingRead More Transformational Leadership Essay examples847 Words   |  4 Pages James MacGregor Burns has defined leadership as â€Å"leaders inducing the followers to act for certain goals that represent the values and the motivations – the wants and needs, the aspirations and expectations – of both leaders and followers† (Burns 1978. p.19.) The concept of leadership as a whole encompasses different explanations, theories and leadership styles and has been popular not only from the organizational perspective but in the educational and political context as well. This essayRead MoreTransformational Leadership : What Makes A Good Leader?1411 Words   |  6 PagesTransformational Leadership in Nursing What makes a good leader? Many people have their own perceptions on what entails a good leader. People have high expectations when a leader is involved. Our country is led by a Commander in chief and without their leadership things would be chaotic. 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Leaders have an impact on those they lead;Read MoreSituational Leadership Theory By Paul Hersey And Ken Blanchard1365 Words   |  6 PagesSituational leadership theory is a model based on the relationship between leaders and followers and proposes that the environment and the readiness of followers determines to a large extent, how leaders will tend to function. Developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard in 1969 the fundamental underpinning of the situational leadership theory is that there is no single â€Å"best† style of leadership (REFERENCE). Situational leadership has been used extensively in organizational leadership training andRead MoreThe Role Of Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership1320 Words   |  6 Pages As the study of leadership has expanded over the past decades, a general shift in the paradigm of leadership style has begun to occur. The male dominated workforce has started to give way to a far more diversified workplace, with increasing numbers of women and minorities in leadership positions. This shift, resultantly, is causing a move away from the traditional leadership styles, with more focus given to contemporary leadership theories. For example, in a recent TED Talk Roselinde Torres discussedRead MoreTransformational Leadership in Healthcare Essay833 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' Why now? Why are we focusing on transformational leadership? Healthcare costs are continuing to rise. Some of the critical problems and active debates prevalent in many hospital organizations include the rapidly intensifying healthcare costs, funding and reimbursement cutbacks, and concern regarding the overall quality and safety of health care. â€Å"Healthcare systems have come under pressure to improve performance and manage productivity† (Botting, 2011). To be successful in the 21st century

Dynamics Of Modern News Industry - 896 Words

Dynamics of contemporary news industry is complex and challenged as almost all aspects of gathering, producing, delivery and reception is changing (BBC 2015b; Franklin 2014). Any technological changes occurring in an era will affect the publics it served (Pavlik 2000). Technology has always affected journalism since its beginning. The use of telegram and then telephone besides other inventions as part of news processes are examples of previous journalistic adaptation of technologies into its practice. Similar to other earlier forms of technology that have altered journalism in the past, the arrival of the Internet and the technologies it carry has further enhanced contemporary journalism. Media convergence is a phenomenon where communication technologies, computer networks and media content merge as a consequence of digitalisation of media and popularisation of the web (Flew n.d.). Media convergence and digitalisation occurring within Internet technologies emphasizes two pivotal factors between Internet technologies to date compared to previous. Firstly, Internet’s latest technologies gave way to increased news speed (Pavlik 2000; Juntunen 2010) and alters many facets of journalism in methods of news gathering, production, distribution and consumption (BBC 2015b). Various media are connected to one another allowing easy accessibility, connectivity and dissemination of information upon real-time happenings. Enhanced connectivity and easy accessibility to informationShow MoreRelatedSanger Automotive Companies: the Fisker Franchise Decision631 Words   |  3 Pagesagricultural sector. As a result, this sector has been transformed from a conventional and passive sector that focused on single commodity to a dynamic, diversified and modern sector. There are many challenges faced in the agricultural sector. 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The problem in this case is building a collaborative team with various backgrounds and skills to create a strategic realignment plan in the glass industry to take on the competitionRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning ( Erp )1415 Words   |  6 Pagessales, marketing, finance, human resou rces, etc. (Investopedia).Today, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are extremely important, especially towards the Manufacturing Business. Looking back at the history of manufacturing solutions, the industry began with Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP) systems that, similar to ERP systems, were used for enhancement and basic planning. These early systems focused on simple goals like reducing work-in-process (WIP) and inventory, while increasing on-timeRead MoreOnline Hotel Management Blackbook Softcopy (Unconsummated)1508 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The Indian tourism industry is growing at a fast pace. This growth has immensely benefited another sector – the hotel industry. 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In other words, regardless of the volume of change in supply and or demand for any given product or group of goods, it ravishes a harmonize change in the other; these variances cause pricing signals Like industrial supply chainsRead MoreAnalysis of Josuha Zeita ´s Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex, Style, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern954 Words   |  4 PagesStyle, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern by Joshua Zeitz analyzes the people who created the image of the flapper. This work is an incorporation of narrative, statistics, and scholarly work that provide a distinct insight on the â€Å"New Woman.† Joshua Zeitz asserts the flapper was not a dramatic change from traditional American values but reflected the â€Å"modern† decade under mass media, celebrity, and consumerism. 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With 48 mono inputs of concurrent mixing channels, which can be coupled to form stereo sound and direct outputs for each and every input, this is the ideal industry standard sound desk for live sound reinforcement by Soundcraft. The Soundcraft unit consists of a local rack and a stage box, each with its own input and output quantity. There are 16 analogue line inputs and outputs not inclusive of the 3 adaptable

Using The Correlational Method For Study The Divided Brain

Cristian Colon Professor Melara Ms. Hernandez PSY 10200 20 October 2016 Using the Correlational Method to Study the Divided Brain The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between functions of the left and right hemispheres. I will compare the performance of people with intact brains with the performance of so-called split-brain patients. In many ways, the brains of these two groups are very similar. 1a. The brain stem is found in the deepest part of the brain. The brainstem controls the automatic survival functions of the body, such as breathing. There are no differences between the function of the normal brainstem and the brain of a split brain patient. The brainstem will still supply the automatic survival functions of the body. 1b. The hippocampus is found in the limbic system along with the amygdala, the hypothalamus. The hippocampus is in charge of allowing the body to process information into memories. Without the hippocampus, there is no way for new memories to be created. There is no anatomical difference between the hippocampus in the normal brain and a split brain. 1c. The corpus callosum is found in the center of the brain. The role it plays as a part of the brain is it connects both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to work and interact together as a whole system. The difference between the anatomy of the corpus callosum in a split brain patient versus someone without aShow MoreRelatedArticle Review : Deep Correspondence Restricted Boltzmann Machine For Cross Modal Retrieval979 Words   |  4 PagesModeling Methods in Behavioral Brain Sci. Reviewer : Jithin Pradeep R jxp161430@utdallas.edu School of Behavioral and Brain Science, The University of Texas at Dallas December 16, 2016. Deep correspondence restricted Boltzmann machine for cross-modal retrieval: Jithin Pradeep Article Review. Article Review : Deep correspondence restricted Boltzmann machine for cross-modal retrieval Abstract of article Cross-modal retrieval task tries to exploit the correlation between the component using a canonicalRead MoreSexual Activity And Sexual Behavior1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe sexual revolution in the 1960s, William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to study the physiology behind human sexual responses by examining an estimated 10,000 sexual responses (1966). Initially, there was a concern that no one would participate, so 11 prostitutes were employed for the first two years. This time was crucial because it allowed Masters and Johnson to improve upon their research and methods. Knowing there was a bias in their sample, they set out to recruit participants and wereRead MoreNotes On The Nature Of Research1059 Words   |  5 PagesName: Sreenivasa reddy Ambati TECH 60078 – Research Methods in Technology Homework Assignment #1 Chapters 1 2 Chapter 1 – The Nature of Research 1. 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Basic Perspectives on Motivation: Evaluating Five Accounts for Sleep and Sleep Deprivation Sleep is one of our basic needs to survive and to function in day to day operations, butRead MoreThe Act Of 1965 : An Overview2131 Words   |  9 Pageseducational psychology by being a toolkit; which helps teachers improve their teaching skills and become effective teachers, use different instruction methods to meet the needs of different types of students. Lastly, these policies can act as research to improve teaching and learning which links with educational psychology. 2. Correlational studies are more significant in educational psychology, teaching and learning because it is a way to measure two variables of interest and how they are relatedRead MoreDementi The Most Common Form Of Progressive Dementia1352 Words   |  6 Pagescaregivers reported and that the increase of caregivers didn’t have a major effect in decreasing caregiver burden. 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Social psychology is one of the psychology branchesRead MoreThe Central Nervous System14042 Words   |  57 PagesOur behaviors, as well as our thoughts and feelings, are produced by the actions of our brains, nerves, muscles, and glands. In this chapter we will begin our journey into the world of psychology by considering the biological makeup of the human being, including the most remarkable of human organs—the brain. We’ll consider the structure of the brain and also the methods that psychologists use to study the brain and to understand how it works. We will see that the body is controlled by an information

A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner Free Essays

Nor can she be a wife and mother like others. Her father’s overprotection is obviously the root of all her monstrosities. (IOW) Born In a noble family, she lives In the lap of luxury, but the material life does not compensate for her sufferings. We will write a custom essay sample on A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, she Is Like â€Å"fish In bowl, bird In cage† as her fathers thinks, â€Å"none of the young men were quite good enough for Poor her, a beautiful young aristocrat with a miserable life Obviously, she deserves to live a better life and should have done whatever she desires: friendship, love and a happy Emily like others’ as those are basic rights of a human being. In contrast, she imprisons herself in her own house while living in loneliness and boredom. (owe) Moreover, she is not free to live her own life because of her father’s overprotection. As a pretty well-off girl, she is the target of lots of men. That means she has many opportunities to choose her â€Å"right† man. Unfortunately, her father is obviously a huge obstacle for her to live on her own. We readers can figure out what she has to suffer spiritually during her childhood beside a dictatorial father whose overprotection Is so relent that her life Is considered stolen. Her portray Is painted as a slender figure In white in the background. In fact, she is just a shadow beside her father. (owe) Her Tanners overprotection Is ten root AT all near monstrosities. Her extreme dependence on him results in monstrous deeds in her life. A new page of her life is opened when Homer Barron, a Yankee and daily laborer, appears. His appearance changes her life, but the fate doesn’t smile to her. Her forgetting â€Å"noblesse oblige† in order to live with him finally receives his betrayal. The hatred and desperation in her cake her commit a dreadful crime: murder. What surprises and terrifies us most is that she continues to live with his corpse in the bridal room for many years without being detected. (owe) To sum up, William Faulkner is really a talented artist who paints the image of a miserable woman who suffers too much. She should be happy with her own decisions, but her father’s overprotection deprives her of happiness to be a wife and mother. Moreover, she is unprepared to adapt herself to a new situation. Her life is a real hell with losses and lack of love. How to cite A Rose for Emily-William Faulkner, Papers

Business and society free essay sample

Which of the political tactics discussed in this chapter are evident in this case? Information strategy which businesses seeking to provide government policymakers with information to influence their actions has been used, described as traditional political strategy (Lawrence Weber, 2014). Writing letter campaign, sending of e-mails, and making telephone calls, as well as black out can be considered as this strategy. The blacking out action was very effective in the end. Why were the political tactics used by the new media so effective in this case? Because on the censorship day of the U. S, which critics created, many of new media companies, like Wikipedia, blacking out their website to protest SOPA. This way many of their website users will get irritated since the websites are shut down, and they will start blaming the roots of the problem, which is SOPA. Would the effectiveness of these tactics vary, depending on the political issue at stake? Yes, it will vary; it depends on what political issue it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Business and society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For some bill, for example, if the government is trying to make a new law about preventing global warming, yet it does not matter even if some environmentally unfriendly company did strike, it is not going to change anything. What can traditional companies learn from the new form of political activity described in this case? They should learn that the times have changed. They are long past the point where selling stuffs that are downloadable online and trying to protect their own benefit which is old school, they already got left behind. So do not struggle so hard and try to adapt their company to the new era.